<\/span><\/h2>\nLeishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies infected with protozoa<\/span> Leishmania<\/em>. Leishmaniasis is endemic<\/span> in more than 70 countries worldwide and affects about 12 million people.<\/p>\nThere are several clinical forms of leishmaniasis. The clinical manifestation of the infection<\/span> depends on the species Leishmania<\/em>, which varies with the geographic area and the host<\/span>The immune response.<\/p>\nThe parasites that cause human leishmaniasis are not found in New Zealand, Australia, the South Pacific, or Antarctica. <\/p>\n\n<\/span>old world leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/section>\n\n\n
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See more images of leishmaniasis.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Who gets leishmaniasis?<\/span><\/h2>\nPeople of all ages who live in or travel through areas where sandflies and Leishmania species are endemic are at risk for infection with leishmaniasis. Living in rural areas and spending time on or near the ground increases your risk.<\/p>\n
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<\/span>Classification and causes of leishmaniasis.<\/span><\/h2>\nThere are more than 20 species of Leishmania parasites that can infect humans; transmitted through the bite of phlebotomine. Sand flies are small (1.5\u20133 mm) insects that actively feed on blood at dawn and dusk. Sand flies live in wall crevices, animal burrows, and leaf litter, in tropical and subtropical regions. his bite is asymptomatic<\/span> and classically in exposed sites.<\/p>\nLeishmaniasis has several recognized clinical forms, and its manifestation depends on the species. inoculated<\/span> and the host immune response. The most important distinction is between American and non-American species of Leishmania<\/em>, As the viannie<\/em> subspecies found in the Americas, may result in mucocutaneous<\/span> leishmaniasis <\/p>\n<\/span>\nCutaneous<\/span> leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nCutaneous leishmaniasis usually occurs at the site of inoculation<\/span>. the presentation and forecast<\/span> will vary depending on the species involved.<\/p>\nNon-American (old world) cutaneous leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Middle East, North Africa, Asia<\/li>\n
- L major, L tropica, L infantum, L donovani<\/em><\/li>\n
- Synonyms: Oriental pain, Baghdad boil, Delhi boil, Saldana, Aleppo button, granuloma<\/span> endemic <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
American (New World) cutaneous leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Central and South America<\/li>\n
- L mexicana, L braziliensis, L amazonensis<\/em><\/li>\n
- Synonyms: chiclero ulcer<\/span>, uta, Bauru ulcer, pian boi, liana.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nMucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a destructive form of leishmaniasis, seen only with the American species of Leishmania<\/em> (viannie<\/em> subspecies). <\/p>\nAmerican mucocutaneous leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Central and South America<\/li>\n
- L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. panamensis<\/em><\/li>\n
- Synonym: espunda. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>\nDiffuse<\/span> cutaneous leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nDiffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare presentation that results from an anergic host response to the parasite.<\/p>\n
Non-US diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Ethiopia, Kenya<\/li>\n
- L aethiopica.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
American diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- South America<\/li>\n
- L. amazonensis.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>\nVisceral<\/span> leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nVisceral leishmaniasis is the result of internal organ involvement and is generally fatal if left untreated. It is also known as kala-azar or dumdum fever<\/span>. <\/p>\nNon-American visceral leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- India, Southern Europe, China, North Africa, Kenya<\/li>\n
- L donovani, L infantum, L tropica.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
American visceral leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Central and South America<\/li>\n
- \nl chagasi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Post-kala-azar dermal<\/span> leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nPost-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis that can occur months to years after treatment for visceral leishmaniasis.<\/p>\n
Non-US post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- sudan, india<\/li>\n
- L donovani, L infantum, L tropica.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
American post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Central and South America<\/li>\n
- \nL chagasi.<\/em> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>relapsing leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\nRelapsing leishmaniasis is a rare, cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, which occurs in patients with good cellular<\/span> immune response. It is also known as lupoid leishmaniasis.<\/p>\nNon-US relapsing leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Middle East, India, Southern Europe<\/li>\n
- He tropics.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
American relapsing leishmaniasis:<\/p>\n
\n- Central and South America<\/li>\n
- L. braziliensis.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>What are the clinical features of leishmaniasis?<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis.<\/li>\n
- Solitary lesions are typical, but multiple lesions occur<\/li>\n
- the initial injury<\/span> it's a small red papule<\/span>, gradually enlarging to 2 cm in diameter<\/li>\n
- Central ulceration<\/span> it is typical<\/li>\n
- \nUlcers<\/span> may be moist and ooze pus or dry with a crusty crust<\/li>\n
- The sores usually appear on exposed areas of the skin, especially on the face and extremities.<\/li>\n
- the incubation<\/span> the time between an infected sand fly bite and the development of the lesion is typically 2 weeks to 6 months<\/li>\n
- The lesions are generally painless and most resolve spontaneously, often leaving residue. atrophic<\/span> scars<\/li>\n
- The resolution time varies between 2 months and more than a year.<\/li>\n
- Sporotrichoid spread with lymphocutaneous nodules<\/span> can happen<\/li>\n
- \nChronic<\/span> disease can occur and there is a risk of dissemination in immunocompromised patients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis typically occurs after spontaneous resolution or local treatment of the leishmaniasis. primary<\/span> skin lesion<\/li>\n
- It can develop in months or after many years.<\/li>\n
- The lifetime risk of developing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis after skin injury caused by L. braziliensis<\/em> it is around 5%<\/li>\n
- The lesions typically affect the mucous<\/span> membranes of the nose and mouth, but the mucous membrane<\/span> the surfaces of the eyes and the genital tract may also be involved<\/li>\n
- Without treatment, ulceration of the mucosal surfaces and destruction of the underlying tissue may occur.<\/li>\n
- Mucosal lesions are often painful and become sites of infection, sometimes leading to septicemia<\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n
- It can cause extreme disfigurement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
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mucosal leishmaniasis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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<\/span>Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is a specific disease entity; sometimes the term is used incorrectly to describe disseminated<\/span> or multiple cutaneous leishmaniasis<\/li>\n
- Results of an anergic response to infection due to reduced cellular immunity<\/li>\n
- After primary cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion, non-ulcerative nodules and plates<\/span> develop<\/li>\n
- Lesions can be numerous and spread throughout the body<\/li>\n
- Follow a chronic relapse or progressive<\/span> grade<\/li>\n
- Often difficult to treat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Visceral leishmaniasis<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Visceral leishmaniasis affects the internal organs, including the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes<\/span>\n<\/li>\n
- Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy<\/span>, hepatomegaly<\/span> and massive splenomegaly<\/li>\n
- Laboratory tests may show pancytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia<\/li>\n
- Complications include gastrointestinal bleeding, peripheral<\/span> edema<\/span>, acute<\/span> renal<\/span> failure and secondary bacterial<\/span> infections<\/li>\n
- \nGeneralized<\/span>