<\/span><\/h2>\nSkin whitening or lightening creams or ointments are widely used throughout the world to try to remove located<\/span> dark spots (eg, melasma or post-inflammatory<\/span> hyperpigmentation<\/span>) or as a fashion trend with the aim of reducing normal melanin<\/span> on the skin<\/p>\n<\/span>What do whitening creams contain?<\/span><\/h2>\na whitening cream<\/span> It can contain a variety of ingredients. Some of these are more effective than others. In many areas, unregulated products are sold, often without their contents listed or mislabeled. They may be safe but completely ineffective, or the chemicals may cause side effects and toxicity<\/span>. The risks depend on which ingredient is applied to the skin, in what concentration, on what area, and for how long it is used.<\/p>\nSkin lightening agents may include:<\/p>\n
\n- Hydroquinone<\/li>\n
- Cysteamine<\/li>\n
- Current<\/span> retinoids<\/span><\/li>\n
- botanicals<\/li>\n
- other agents <\/li>\n
- Topical corticosteroids <\/li>\n
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Mercury.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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<\/span>\nHydroquinone<\/span><\/h2>\n Hydroquinone is an effective skin lightening agent. It is no longer available in some parts of the world due to the damaging effects of long-term use. The recommended concentration on the counter<\/span> is from the 2%, but up to a 4% is available from a dermatologist<\/span> in some countries. It should be used daily for no more than 6 months.<\/p>\nIts initial inhibition effect pigmentation<\/span> is lost with prolonged application and solar stimulation.<\/p>\nexogenous<\/span> Ochronosis is the main risk of continuous use of hydroquinone. This results in an irregular blue-black spot that affects the sun.exposed skin<\/span> and nail<\/span>. It is due to deep statement<\/span> Of the same pigment<\/span> What happens in alkaptonuria?endogenous<\/span> ochronosis). Exogenous ochronosis can also occur from phenol, quinine, or resorcinol.<\/p>\nOchronosis can also lead to loss of skin elasticity and wound healing.<\/p>\n
In some subjects, the excessive use of hydroquinone in combination with certain foods in the diet (fish, eggs, offal, beans) can cause an unpleasant fishy odor in body secretions, such as sweat and urine (trimethylaminuria).<\/p>\n
Hydroquinone is sometimes called by another name, such as:<\/p>\n
\n- 1,4-benzenediol<\/li>\n
- Quinol<\/li>\n
- benzene-1<\/li>\n
- 4-diol<\/li>\n
- p-diphenol<\/li>\n
- p-dihydroxyl benzene<\/li>\n
- Hydroquinone<\/li>\n
- p-hydroxyphenol<\/li>\n
- hydroquinonium<\/li>\n
- hydroquinol<\/li>\n
- Tequinol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Hydroquinone monobenzyl ether is a strong derivative of hydroquinone that almost always causes an almost irreversible effect depigmentation<\/span> of the skin (white patches).<\/p>\n<\/span>\nTopical retinoids<\/span><\/h2>\nTretinoin is the main topical. retinoid<\/span> It has been used in skin lightening products. Dilutes the skin, increasing the penetration of other agents. in addition to having a direct effect in reducing melanization. It is a prescription medication due to the potential risk in pregnancy. It can be quite irritating and can cause contact. irritating<\/span> dermatitis<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/span>\nCysteamine cream<\/span><\/h2>\nCysteamine cream is applied for 15 minutes each day for up to 12 weeks, then twice weekly for maintenance. May cause temporary burning and redness, and may also cause dryness and irritation, relieved by application of a emollient<\/span>. <\/p>\n\n
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<\/span>\nbotanicals<\/span><\/h2>\nNew skin-lightening active compounds isolated from plants are being added to modern cosmetics. They look like inhibit<\/span> the production of melanin without being toxic<\/span> to the melanocyte<\/span> (tyrosinase<\/span> inhibitors) It is not yet known which preparations are the most effective. Active ingredients include:<\/p>\n\n- Arbutin al 1% (a glycosylated hydroquinone)<\/li>\n
- Paper mulberry 1%<\/li>\n
- Glabridin 0.5% (Licorice extract)<\/li>\n
- Arctostaphylos patula and Arctostaphylos viscida<\/li>\n
- Aloesin<\/li>\n
- gentisic acid<\/li>\n
- Flavonoids<\/li>\n
- Hesperidin<\/li>\n
- Ascorbic acid or its derivative, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate 10%<\/li>\n
- Niacinamide<\/li>\n
- Yeast derivatives<\/li>\n
- polyphenols<\/li>\n
- Soy proteins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>\nother agents<\/span><\/h2>\nOther agents in use for their skin lightening effect include:<\/p>\n
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Azelaic acid 20%, produced by the yeast Malassezia\n<\/li>\n
- Kojic acid 1-4% (5-hydroxy-4-pyran-4-one-2-methyl), produced by a fungus (may cause contact irritation or allergic contact dermatitis)<\/li>\n
- Mequinol 5-20% (4-hydroxyanisole)<\/li>\n
- isopropylcatechol<\/li>\n
- N-acetyl-4-cysteaminylphenol<\/li>\n
- N-acetyl glucosamine<\/li>\n
- Piceatannol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Unregulated skin lightening creams may include many other ingredients. These can be relatively safe (for example, lemon juice), toxic (camphor), irritating (detergents), or can cause allergy<\/span> (hair<\/span> Colorant). Complications can include:<\/p>\n