{"id":7958,"date":"2020-04-26T13:54:52","date_gmt":"2020-04-26T16:54:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/es\/melanoniquia\/"},"modified":"2020-10-30T07:30:44","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T10:30:44","slug":"melanonychia","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/","title":{"rendered":"Melanonychia"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue-es-melanoniquia\"><\/span>What is it <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"182\">melanonychia<\/span>?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<section class=\"textBlock\">Melanonychia is the brown or black discoloration of a nail. Can be <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1769\">diffuse<\/span> or take the form of a longitudinal band.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#%C2%BFQue-es-melanoniquia\" >What is melanonychia?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Melanoniquia-longitudinal-benigna\" >Benign longitudinal melanonychia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#%C2%BFQuien-corre-riesgo-de-melanoniquia\" >Who is at risk for melanonychia?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#%C2%BFQue-causa-la-melanoniquia\" >What Causes Melanonychia?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Hiperplasia-melanocitica\" >Melanocytic hyperplasia<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Hiperplasia-benigna\" >Benign hyperplasia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Hiperplasia-maligna\" >Malignant hyperplasia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Activacion-melanocitica\" >Melanocytic activation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#Unas-descoloridas\" >Discolored nails<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#%C2%BFCuales-son-las-posibles-complicaciones-de-la-melanoniquia\" >What are the possible complications of melanonychia?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/melanoniquia\/#%C2%BFCual-es-el-manejo-de-la-melanoniquia\" >What is the management of melanonychia?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<section class=\"textBlock imageLinkBlockTitle\">\n<h5 class=\"colour--primary\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Melanoniquia-longitudinal-benigna\"><\/span>Benign longitudinal melanonychia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"imageLinkBlock\">\n<div class=\"flex\">\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='melanonychia-06__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisinkildzd-4474391-2632328-4890213-5033853-3257563-6207187-1079366' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/melanonychia-06__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsInkiLDZd-4474391-2632328-4890213-5033853-3257563-6207187.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='melanonychia-09__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisingildfd-1336762-2027663-5034260-2995414-9270078-9612251-9994644' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/melanonychia-09__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsIngiLDFd-1336762-2027663-5034260-2995414-9270078-9612251.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='melanonychia-19__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisingildfd-7105474-1986466-7488064-1961240-3488311-4765091-4102340' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/melanonychia-19__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsIngiLDFd-7105474-1986466-7488064-1961240-3488311-4765091.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQuien-corre-riesgo-de-melanoniquia\"><\/span>Who is at risk for melanonychia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Melanonychia can occur in people of all ages, including children, and affects both sexes equally. It&#039;s more <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1676\">predominant<\/span> in people with skin of color, especially Fitzpatrick type V and VI skin.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Almost all Afro-Caribbean people will develop black-brown <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1521\">pigmentation<\/span> of the <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"193\">nail<\/span> at the age of 50.<\/li>\n<li>Melanonychia affects up to 20% of the Japanese.<\/li>\n<li>Fair-skinned people are the least affected.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Melanonychia can also be associated with <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"558\">genetic<\/span> disorders, injuries, medications, nutritional deficiency, <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1196\">endocrine<\/span> disease, <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"43\">connective tissue<\/span> disease, <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"490\">inflammatory<\/span> skin disease, a local <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"289\">tumor<\/span>or nail <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"145\">infection<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue-causa-la-melanoniquia\"><\/span>What Causes Melanonychia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The nail plate is hard, <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1603\">translucent<\/span> structure made of <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"155\">curb<\/span>. It is not normally <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1520\">pigmented<\/span>. <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"181\">Melanocytes<\/span> normally remain latent in the <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"242\">proximal<\/span> matrix of the nail where the nail originates. <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"180\">Melanin<\/span> it is deposited on the growing nail when melanocytes are activated, resulting in a pigmented band, this is longitudinal melanonychia.<\/p>\n<p>the <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"370\">statement<\/span> of melanin in the nail plate can result from 2 processes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"136\">Hyperplasia\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"785\">Melanocytic<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Melanocytic activation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hiperplasia-melanocitica\"><\/span>Melanocytic hyperplasia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Melanocytic hyperplasia refers to an increased number of melanocytes within the nail matrix. This may represent a <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"22\">benign<\/span> or <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"176\">evil one<\/span> process.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hiperplasia-benigna\"><\/span>Benign hyperplasia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Melanocytic <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"354\">naevi<\/span> they arise more commonly in children. <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1669\">Histologically<\/span> there are nests of <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"353\">nevus<\/span> cells.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1394\">Lentigos<\/span> they are seen more often in adults. The nests are absent.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hiperplasia-maligna\"><\/span>Malignant hyperplasia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1670\">Melanoma<\/span> of the nail unit most commonly affects the thumbs, index fingers, and big toes.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Activacion-melanocitica\"><\/span>Melanocytic activation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Melanocytic activation is an increase in the production and deposit of melanin in the nail cells (<span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1892\">onychocytes<\/span>), without an increase in the number of melanocytes. The causes of melanocytic activation are listed in the table below.<\/p>\n<p>Melanonychia associated with melanocytic activation<\/p>\n<table width=\"490\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1262\">Physiological<\/span> (functional)<\/td>\n<td>Racial variation<\/p>\n<p>The pregnancy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1365\">Trauma<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Nail biting, chewing, breaking and picking<\/p>\n<p>Friction due to foot or shoe deformity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inflammatory skin disease<\/td>\n<td>Psoriasis<\/p>\n<p>Hallopeau acrodermatitis<\/p>\n<p>Lichen planus<\/p>\n<p>Amyloidosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Non-melanocytic lesions.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1038\">Intraepidermal<\/span> <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"32\">carcinoma<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"831\">Basal<\/span> cell carcinoma<\/p>\n<p>Viral wart<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nutritional deficiency<\/td>\n<td>Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Endocrine disorders<\/td>\n<td>Addison&#039;s disease<\/p>\n<p>Cushing <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"350\">syndrome<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1642\">Hyperthyroidism<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Acromegaly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Other <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"380\">systemic<\/span> disease<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1893\">Hemosiderosis<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Cutaneous porphyria delays<\/p>\n<p>Human immunodeficiency virus infection (<span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"127\">HIV<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p>Systemic lupus erythematosus<\/p>\n<p>Systemic <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"260\">sclerosis<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Syndromes<\/td>\n<td>Laugier-Hunziker syndrome<\/p>\n<p>Peutz-Jeghers syndrome<\/p>\n<p>Touraine syndrome<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"140\">Iatrogenic<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Phototherapy<\/p>\n<p>X-ray exposure; electron beam therapy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Medicines<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1619\">Chemotherapy<\/span> agents (especially <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wiki\/hydroxyurea\/\" title=\"hydroxyurea\">hydroxyurea<\/a>, busulfan, bleomycin, adriamycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil)<\/p>\n<p>Antimalarial therapy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"526\">Pathogens<\/span> can cause irregular melanonychia as they stimulate <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"148\">inflammation<\/span> activating melanocytes. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gram-negative <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"935\">bacteria<\/span> (<em>Proteus mirabilis<\/em>, <em>Klebsiella<\/em>Pseudomonas)<\/li>\n<li>Onychomycosis due to a dermatophyte (<em>Trichophyton rubrum<\/em>) or yeast (<em>Candida albicans<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>External agents can stain the nails.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"122\">Hair<\/span> Colorant<\/li>\n<li>Henna<\/li>\n<li>Enamel<\/li>\n<li>Paint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textBlock imageLinkBlockTitle\">\n<h5 class=\"colour--primary\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unas-descoloridas\"><\/span>Discolored nails<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"imageLinkBlock\">\n<div class=\"flex\">\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='brown-onychomycosis__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisingildfd-2318407-8811010-4580247-2741289-4603486-6550294-5646543' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/brown-onychomycosis__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsIngiLDFd-2318407-8811010-4580247-2741289-4603486-6550294.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p-small\">Pigmented onychomycosis<\/p>\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='pseudomonas-nail__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisinkildq0xq-5467839-8789888-2668288-2669331-2835570-7978618-4207111' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pseudomonas-nail__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsInkiLDQ0XQ-5467839-8789888-2668288-2669331-2835570-7978618.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p-small\">Pseudomonas nail infection<\/p>\n<div class=\"imageLinkBlock__item__image\">\n<p><img alt='dithranol-stained-nail__protectwyjqcm90zwn0il0_focusfillwzi5ncwymjisingildiyxq-6515224-8118263-8520748-8994272-6657461-1109785-3666643' src='https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dithranol-stained-nail__ProtectWyJQcm90ZWN0Il0_FocusFillWzI5NCwyMjIsIngiLDIyXQ-6515224-8118263-8520748-8994272-6657461-1109785.jpg' \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p-small\">Nail stained with dithranol<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFCuales-son-las-posibles-complicaciones-de-la-melanoniquia\"><\/span>What are the possible complications of melanonychia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Complications depend on the cause of the melanonychia.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"622\">Subungual Melanoma:<\/span>\u00a0Can result in <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"185\">metastasis<\/span> and finally, the death of the patient. Melanoma of the nail matrix is, as a rule, worse than melanoma at other sites.<\/li>\n<li>Trauma, infection, and inflammatory disease can lead to <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1772\">fissure<\/span> and splitting of nails and unsightly or painful nails <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"74\">dystrophy<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFCual-es-el-manejo-de-la-melanoniquia\"><\/span>What is the management of melanonychia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When melanonychia is attributed to a benign cause, no additional treatment is necessary. Management of melanoma of the nail unit requires complete <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"848\">excision<\/span> tumor and may require amputation of <span class=\"term\" data-term-id=\"1267\">digit<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es melanoniquia? La melanoniquia es la decoloraci\u00f3n marr\u00f3n o negra de una u\u00f1a. Puede ser difuso o tomar la forma de una banda longitudinal. Melanoniquia longitudinal benigna &nbsp; \u00bfQui\u00e9n&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7958","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","format-standard","category-glosario-definiciones"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/7958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/7958\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}