<\/span><\/h2>\nTyphoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a infection<\/span> caused by Salmonella enterica enterica<\/em>, serovar Typhi. Typhoid fever symptoms are nonspecific and may include:<\/p>\n\n- Constipation<\/li>\n
- Diarrhea<\/li>\n
- Abdominal pain<\/li>\n
- Muscle pains<\/li>\n
- Nausea<\/li>\n
- Vomiting<\/li>\n
- Fever<\/li>\n
- A eruption<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
the bacterial<\/span> The cause of typhoid fever is also known as Salmonella typhi <\/em>and this is shortened to S. typhi.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/span>What are paratyphoid fever and salmonellosis?<\/span><\/h2>\nParatyphoid fever is an infection caused by Salmonella enterica <\/em>serovar paratyphi, and can present similarly to enteric fever.<\/p>\nBoth typhoid and paratyphoid fever are examples of salmonellosis, where the infectious agent originates from the mobility genus. bacteria<\/span> with a gram-negative staining pattern in microscopy<\/span>, Salmonella<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n
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<\/span>What are the risk factors for typhoid fever?<\/span><\/h2>\nTyphoid fever is contracted through contact with infected individuals and chronic<\/span> carriers<\/span> typhoid fever (they are in good health but salmonella bacteria can be found in their stool). Salmonella bacteria mainly infect humans and are transmitted through ingestion<\/span> contaminated food or water. This generally occurs in developing countries with poor hygiene practices, but it can happen anywhere.<\/p>\n<\/span>How is typhoid fever diagnosed?<\/span><\/h2>\nUsually people may have recently traveled to endemic<\/span> areas (Southeast Asia, South America), ingested<\/span> contaminated food or water, and experienced some of the symptoms listed above. Salmonella bacteria can be found in feces or blood. There may also be an increase in antibody<\/span> levels observed in the blood.<\/p>\n<\/span>What are pink spots?<\/span><\/h2>\nThe pink spots describe the rash that occurs in up to 30% of people infected with Salmonella enterica<\/em> <\/em>serovar typhi. Characteristically, pink spots are seen in untreated typhoid fever.<\/p>\n\n- Rose spots generally occur between the second and fourth week of illness.<\/li>\n
- Groups of 5 to 15 roses pallor<\/span> papules<\/span> (small lumps) appear on the previous<\/span> trunk.<\/li>\n
- The size of the papules varies from 2 to 8 mm.<\/li>\n
- They are generally distributed between the level of the nipples and belly button<\/span>, but it can also be found in proximal<\/span> limbs and back.<\/li>\n
- Each lasts from 3 to 5 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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<\/span>What is the cause of rose spots?<\/span><\/h2>\nRose spots are believed to be bacterial emboli on the skin, in which clumps of bacteria spread through the bloodstream.<\/p>\n
\n- Salmonella can be grown from rose spots.<\/li>\n
- Emboli are rarely seen on the skin. biopsies<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Rose spots have also been described in other infections (psittacosis, brucellosis, shigellosis, streptobacillosis, and leptospirosis).<\/p>\n
<\/span>What other skin changes are seen with typhoid fever?<\/span><\/h2>\nIn addition to rose spots, other rashes can arise in salmonella infections.<\/p>\n
\n- \nErythema<\/span> typhosum - a generalized<\/span> eruption<\/li>\n
- \nHemorrhagic<\/span> bullas<\/span> (blisters filled with blood)<\/li>\n
- \nPustular<\/span> dermatitis<\/span>\n<\/li>\n
- Erythema multiforme<\/li>\n
- Sweet syndrome<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>What treatment is used for typhoid fever?<\/span><\/h2>\nTyphoid fever is a bacterial infection, so it is treated with antibiotics.<\/p>\n
However, S. typhi<\/em> it is commonly resistant to various antibiotics, including trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole<\/span>, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, and sometimes quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin).<\/p>\nCeftriaxone and Azithromycin appear to be effective.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Can typhoid fever be prevented?<\/span><\/h2>\nPrevention of typhoid fever is primarily accomplished through vaccination and avoidance of high-risk foods.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Vaccination<\/span><\/h3>\nIt is strongly recommended that travelers traveling to countries at risk, for example South America and Southeast Asia, be vaccinated before traveling. There are two forms of the salmonella vaccine available:<\/p>\n