<\/span><\/h2>\nMelioidosis and glanders are infectious diseases caused by species of the bacterial<\/span> gender Burkholderia<\/em>. These infectious diseases differ in geographic range and ecology.<\/p>\n<\/span>What is glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nGlanders is a rare and sporadic disease caused by bacterium<\/span> Burkholderia mallei<\/em> (This bacterium has been known by a variety of other names, such as Pseudomonas mallei<\/em>, Actinobacillus mallei<\/em>, Pfeifferella mallei<\/em><\/em>, Malleomyces mallei<\/em><\/em>, Corynebacterium mallei<\/em><\/em>, Mycobacterium mallei<\/em><\/em>and Bacillus mallei<\/em><\/em>)<\/p>\nGlanders is primarily a disease of horses, although it can occur in other animals. It is rare now that horses are used less frequently for transportation, but it is sometimes seen in parts of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. Infection<\/span> with B. mallei<\/em> It can occur in people in direct contact with infected animals. the bacteria<\/span> enter the body through a skin abrasion or through the mucous membrane<\/span> surfaces of the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. Cases of person-to-person transmission have rarely been reported. Glanders can be fatal, and is considered a potential biological warfare agent because it is highly infectious due to inhalation<\/span>.<\/p>\nGlanders is also known as farcy and malleus.<\/p>\n
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<\/span>Who gets glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nAnyone who works closely with infected animals (mostly horses) or their tissues, especially horses, is at risk of glanders: veterinarians, steady hands, laboratory workers, butchers, and slaughterhouse workers.<\/p>\n
<\/span>How are glanders acquired?<\/span><\/h2>\nB. mallei<\/em> is a host<\/span>derivative adapted from B. pseudomallei<\/em>, the cause of melioidosis. B. mallei <\/em>bacteria are transmitted to humans and animals by contact with infected horses and other animals through skin abrasions, mucous<\/span> membranes, or inhalation of contaminated dust. Transmission from person to person is rare.<\/p>\n<\/span>What are the clinical characteristics of glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nthe incubation<\/span> The glander period is 1 to 14 days after infection. The clinical presentation will depend on the mode of entry and is similar to that of melioidosis. Symptoms common to all forms include fever<\/span>, sweating, muscle pain, chest pain and headache.<\/p>\n<\/span>\nLocated<\/span> infection<\/span><\/h3>\nLocalized infection is characterized by cutaneous<\/span> inflammation<\/span> with ulceration<\/span> at the site of entry (a cut or scratch on the skin).<\/p>\n\n- \nLymphangitis<\/span><\/span> (a red stripe that follows the nearby lymph nodes<\/span>) develops and swollen lymph nodes or abscesses may also develop.<\/li>\n
- Infection involving mucous membranes<\/span> (eyes, nose, or respiratory tract) will cause excessive mucus production at those sites.<\/li>\n
- The nasal pulp<\/span> and the palate can be destroyed by infection.<\/li>\n
- The lymph nodes in the neck are enlarged, giving rise to the name glanders (from French, glandres<\/em>)<\/li>\n
- Fever, discomfort<\/span>and headache can occur.<\/li>\n
- \nSystemic<\/span> The infection can affect the lungs, spleen, liver, and other tissues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>\nPulmonary<\/span> infection<\/span><\/h3>\nGlanders can cause pneumonia, lung abscesses and pleural<\/span> effusion<\/span> due to direct inhalation or bloodborne spread.<\/p>\n\n- The symptoms are cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath.<\/li>\n
- There may be non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, sweating, and muscle pain.<\/li>\n
- Skin abscesses can develop several months after inhalation of the organisms<\/span>.<\/li>\n
- If left untreated, the lung infection is likely to progress to septicemia<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Bloodstream infection (septicemia)<\/span><\/h3>\nIn glanders septicemia:<\/p>\n
\n- Skin lesions - papules<\/span>, pustules<\/span>blisters ulcers<\/span>and abscesses can occur<\/li>\n
- Multi-organ systems can be affected and cause abscesses and organ failure. <\/li>\n
- Death generally occurs within 10 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>\nChronic<\/span> infection<\/span><\/h3>\nMultiple abscesses can develop due to glanders in the liver, spleen, lungs, skin, or muscles.<\/p>\n
\n- The symptoms are less severe than those described in acute<\/span> infection.<\/li>\n
- Chronic infection is reported to persist for up to 25 years in some cases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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<\/span>What are the complications of glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nSystemic infection can lead to multiple organ failure and death.<\/p>\n
<\/span>How is glander diagnosed?<\/span><\/h2>\nThe diagnosis of glanders is confirmed by culture<\/span> of blood sputum<\/span>or other infected sites.<\/p>\nBe sure to inform the laboratory of the suspected or confirmed diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n<\/span>\nBurkholderia mallei<\/em> in culture<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/section>\n\n\n
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Burkholderia mallei in culture<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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Credit: PIXNIO.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>Which is the differential diagnosis<\/span> for glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nDifferential diagnoses for glanders include any infectious disease that causes fever, headache, muscle pain with pneumonia, abscesses, or skin involvement. These illnesses include:<\/p>\n
\n- Tuberculosis<\/li>\n
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Staphylococcal disease with septicemia<\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n- \nInvader<\/span> Klebsiella<\/em> infection<\/li>\n
- Anthrax<\/li>\n
- Tularemia<\/li>\n
- Cat-scratch disease<\/li>\n
- Melioidosis<\/li>\n
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Plague.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>What is the treatment for glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nSince it is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are the basis of glanders treatment. Since infection is rare in humans, there are currently no evidence-based treatment guidelines, but a treatment approach similar to that recommended for melioidosis should be adopted.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Glander prevention<\/span><\/h2>\nThere is currently no vaccine available for glanders. Prevention involves identifying and eradicating the infection of animals in endemic<\/span> areas and appropriate use of personal protective equipment in the healthcare setting and those dealing with potentially infected animals.<\/p>\n<\/span>What is the result of glanders?<\/span><\/h2>\nGlanders had a high mortality rate in the pre-antibiotic era, but there have been few human cases since the introduction of antibiotics. The results for glanders are expected to be similar to those observed in melioidosis.<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Introducci\u00f3n Melioidosis y muermo son enfermedades infecciosas causadas por especies del bacteriano g\u00e9nero Burkholderia. Estas enfermedades infecciosas difieren en rango geogr\u00e1fico y ecolog\u00eda. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es muermo? Glanders es una enfermedad…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8142","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","format-standard","category-glosario-definiciones"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/8142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8142"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/8142\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorhoogstra.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}