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Cutaneous markers of internal malignancy.

What are they cutaneous intern markers malignancy?

Skin changes can often be the first sign of a deeper problem including internal malignancy. Signs of skin disease can precede, occur, or follow detection of associated diseases. Cancer. These skin diseases can be a feature of undiagnosed cancer and may be the indication for a thorough examination in patients. Or in a patient whose cancer is in remission, these skin diseases can be the initial sign of cancer recurrence.

Skin markers can be classified into 2 main types:

  • Genetically determined syndromes with a cutaneous component (genodermatosis) that predispose individuals at risk of developing cancer
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes that occur as a result of circulating factors or presumed factors produced by the underlying cancer

Genodermatosis

Skin diseases that belong to the group of genodermatoses include:

  • Birt - Hogg - Dubé syndrome
  • Cowden's disease
  • Gardner syndrome
  • Gorlin syndromebasal cell nevus syndrome)
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasm type 2B
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
  • Torre-Muir syndrome

  • Progeria (premature aging syndromes)

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes can be classified according to the type of injury they produce.

Papulosquamous

  • Acanthosis nigricans
  • Acquired ichthyosis
  • Paraneoplastic acrokeratosis
  • Extramammary Paget's disease
  • Flowery cutaneous papillomatosis
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Pityriasis roundabout
  • Leser-Trelat sign
  • Callus palms

Erythematous

  • Dermatomyositis
  • Erythema Gyratum repens
  • Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and digital clubbing
  • Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
  • Necrolytic migratory erythema
  • Sweet disease
  • Eosinophilic skin disease of hematological malignancy

Bullous

  • Paraneoplastic pemphigus

Diverse

  • Generalized granuloma annular (rarely)
  • Granulomatous dermatitis
  • Carcinoid syndrome
  • Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa acquisita
  • Trousseau syndrome

  • Paraneoplastic pruritus (cancer itch)

In addition to skin signs and symptoms, paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the endocrine, neuromuscular, musculoskeletalcardiovascular hematological, gastrointestinal or renal function.

Paraneoplastic symptoms can be caused by:

  • Immune reaction: antibodies, T cells or cytokines
  • Hormones or hormonal precursors.
  • Enzymes
  • Embryonic or fetal proteins
  • Altered metabolic pathways
  • Unknown factors